The article is devoted to the problem of hyposkillia (deficit of clinical skills), when a doctor is unable to competently question a patient and conduct a physical examination, focusing mainly on the data of instrumental and laboratory research methods. The characteristics of the modern doctor, caused by technological progress and commercialization of medicine, are described: excessive pragmatism, excessive focus on new medical technologies, skepticism towards physical examination methods, and insufficiently developed clinical thinking. The causes of hyposkillia, possible errors and dangers in diagnosis and treatment associated with insufficient physical examination of the patient are covered. Attention is focused on the dangerous separation between doctor and patient, between whom medical equipment stands as an obstacle, which weakens interpersonal contacts that are so important in medicine. The information content and cost-effectiveness of traditional methods of physical examination, the convenience of dynamic observation, the value for early diagnosis of complications, the possibility of a reasonable choice of more complex research methods, and the positive impact of direct communication between the doctor and the patient are noted. The particular danger of hyposkillia in “first contact” physicians is emphasized, contributing to an increase in the number of patients losing time, and sometimes even chances for a cure, until a working diagnosis is made. The importance of a balanced approach to the use of high medical technologies and physical examination methods is shown.

Medical prevention is aimed to prevent and reduce the risk of disease, the risk of its progression, the risk of its complications and the risk of death. Medical prevention includes systems of measures and technologies of not only medical but also social nature, including the system of ideological orientation, the system of child-raising, the system of education, the system of social security and the legal system. Today it is common to differentiate stages of medical prevention – primary, secondary and tertiary. This article focused on the levels of medical prevention in the context of the stages usually defined. The primary prevention stage includes six levels: first – social, second – genetic, third – psychogenetic, fourth – ontogenetic, fifth – riskogenetic, sixth – pathogenetic. The secondary prevention stage aims to prevent complications and recurrence of diseases and includes two levels (seventh and eighth): nosogenetic and nosological. The tertiary prevention stage aims to prevent defects and death. This stage includes one level (ninth): postnosological. The highlighting of levels of medical prevention in the context of its generally accepted stages should contribute to solving the problems of organisational and technological support for the development of the health care system.

The article considers the issues of biological role and medical significance of endogenous H₂S, previously considered exclusively toxic for humans – an environmental toxicant. The aspects of its metabolism in the body and regulation of formation with the help of H₂S donors and substances affecting the processes of biosynthesis of this gas transmitter are touched upon. The points of application and mechanisms of influence of H₂S on vital processes in norm and in pathological conditions are considered. The breadth of participation of H₂S in the regulation of metabolic reactions, physiological and pathological processes in the body allows us to consider this gas transmitter as a universal bioregulatory factor. Numerous studies have shown that both deficiency and excess of H₂S in the body can be associated with the occurrence and course of various disorders of vital activity, having both functional and organic nature, caused by chemical, physical, biological or purely informational factors. In this regard, various technologies are currently being actively developed aimed at preventing and correcting various life disorders using chemical instruments that regulate the level of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in the body, aimed at enhancing or suppressing its formation.

Duodenal dystrophy is a rare surgical pathology caused by presence of heterotopic pancreatic tissue in duodenal wall. The presence of heterotopic tissue may remain long-term asymptomatic. But due to provoking pancreatic tissue inflammation factors duodenal dystrophy evolves. Thereby the patients with duodenal dystrophy are mostly employable smoking and drinking alcohol men. In the literature researches are also used other names of this nosological form. The most common are paraduodenal pancreatitis and groove pancreatitis. Pathophysiology of the disease is also controversial, but two factors of development are clearly visible, such as the presence of heterotopic pancreatic tissue in duodenal wall and patient alcohol consumption. The clinical features of duodenal dystrophy are non-specific. The most common symptoms are pain in epigastrium and abdominal discomfort, postprandial nausea and vomiting, weight loss. Instrumental diagnostics reveal a thickened wall of the duodenum with the presence of cysts in it. The most sensitive and specific diagnostic methods are computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasonography. Conservative treatment with synthetic somatostatin analogues is preferred as first-line therapy. The most commonly used endoscopic treatment is endoscopic drainage of the duodenal cysts, which may be associated with drug therapy. Surgical treatment methods are used primarily in cases of complicated duodenal dystrophy, the impossibility of excluding the oncological process of the affected area, and also when conservative and endoscopic methods are ineffective. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the most preferred surgical treatment worldwide, but there has been increasing debate about its excessiveness.

Coronary artery atherosclerosis is one of the causes of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its chronic form – stable angina. Atherosclerosis can be considered as a chronic immune-inflammatory process in which antigenic stimuli originate from peroxide-modified lipoproteins. Literature data indicate the production of circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing lipoproteins as an antigen in patients with stable angina.
The aim of the study was to determine the content of CIC in patients with stable angina with functional classes (FC) I, II, III, IV.
Material and methods. The study was conducted in the Cardiology Department № 1 of the 6th Clinical Hospital of Minsk. The study included 141 patients with stable angina with functional classes (FC) I, II, III, IV, which made up 4 main study groups (A, B, C, D). The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy individuals of comparable age. The CIC was determined by the enzyme immunoassay method in the venous blood of patients. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 10.0 program. At p < 0.05, the differences were considered statistically significant.
Results and discussion. In patients with angina pectoris FC I, the CIC level was 243.0 ± 31.4 conventional units. As the FC of stable angina pectoris increased, the CIC level also increased, which in patients with FC IV was 404.0 ± 52.4 conventional units.
Conclusion. With an increase in the severity of stable angina pectoris, the content of CIC statistically significantly increases, which indicates the development of an immunopathological process as coronary circulatory failure progresses.

Introduction. Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis is one of the most dangerous complications of Hirschsprung's disease. Cases of recurrent enterocolitis after surgery occur with different methods of surgical treatment, at any age of the patient. The complexity of the treatment of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis was the basis for conducting a study and outlining ways to solve the problem.
Aim: to develop therapeutic and diagnostic measures for recurrent enterocolitis in patients with GD after bowel pull-down surgery.
Materials and methods. From 2010 to 2024, 112 patients under 3 years of age with GD were operated on in the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Pediatric Surgery using the transanal endorectal bowel pull-down (TERT) method. During this period, we observed 25 cases of postoperative enterocolitis. Of these, 16 patients had recurrent postoperative enterocolitis.
Results. The causes of recurrent postoperative enterocolitis in Hirschsprung's disease in patients operated on before the age of 3 years were analyzed. The use of the posterior muscle cuff excision method during transanal endorectal bowel pull-down surgery (in 2015) led to a decrease in the number of postoperative enterocolitis associated with colostasis (the total number of enterocolitis decreased from 34 % in the period 2010–2014 to 14.3 % in the period 2020–2024). An algorithm has been developed to identify the causes of recurrent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis, as well as a set of therapeutic measures if they are detected. In patients with recurrent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis, autoimmune processes associated with inflammation are triggered in the intestinal wall.
Conclusion. A decrease in the number of enterocolitis can be achieved by using modern methods of surgical treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease, timely detection of the anatomical cause (stenosis or residual aganglionosis) and its elimination, adequate postoperative treatment, the appointment of preventive treatment for Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis and long-term follow-up of patients operated on for Hirschsprung’s disease.

During the period from 2020 to 2025, we observed 57 (100 %) patients with congenital penile deviation. The following variants of penile curvature were identified; in cases of a combination of deformation in several planes, the predominant angle of curvature was taken into account: downwards (to the ventral side) – 28 (49 %) men, to the left – 19 (33 %), to the right – 4 (7 %), rotation with angular deformation – 4 (7 %), only rotation along the axis – 2 (3.5 %). Combined deformations in two planes and along the axis of all
patients – 14 (24.6 %).
The purpose of this work is to consider the currently relevant methods of penile corporoplasty, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of available methods of surgical correction of congenital curvature of the penis.
A total of 19 patients with congenital curvature of the penis aged from 17 to 39 years were operated on. The methods used were: plication of the tunica albuginea of the penis according to Shcheplev-Nesbit – 13, with a penile curvature angle from 35° to 75°; straightening of the penis using a graft – 5, curvature angle from 55° to 85°; circumcision, with the elimination of rotational curvature – 1. Complications: repeated correction of curvature – 1,
intraoperative damage to the urethra – 1, subcutaneous hematomas of the pubic area – 3, shortening of the penis by 1–2.5 cm – 7 patients. A comparison of plication and implantation surgical methods for correction of congenital curvature of the penis is presented, using autologous and xenograft for the graft.

Ecocide is a particularly grave crime against the peace and security of mankind, expressed in the use of military or other hostile means of influence on outer space, lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Currently, due to the peculiarities identified during a special military operation, the capabilities of unmanned aircraft, as well as the use of satellites for military purposes, the topic of ecocide has moved from the civilian to the military sphere, undoubtedly expanding significantly.
Materials and methods: individual problems were studied (it is not possible to investigate the problems within the framework of one article) that affect ecocide, as well as ways to increase the effectiveness of ecocide control, an analysis of data from patients in the intensive care unit of the Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg, an analysis of the causes of death of participants in the Special Military Operation (hereinafter – SVO) from open data and the media.
The methodological basis of the study is the general scientific method, the method of formal logic and system analysis, synthesis, induction, the method of description and comparison.
Results and discussion. The most difficult, but necessary, object of study is human health. When studying cases of signs of poisoning among participants in the special military operation (April 2025), we encountered problems that require not only discussion, but also a range of measures that will allow us to talk about ecocide. An analysis of legislation and judicial practice shows that criminal liability can be imposed not only for an act that has caused socially dangerous consequences, but also for creating conditions that make it possible for such consequences to occur. There is no doubt that ecocide should be considered a crime against the peace and security of humanity. This view is supported by the majority of scholars. It is believed that the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) has established a strong global norm regarding biological weapons. However, the effectiveness of the convention has been limited due to insufficient institutional support and the absence of an official verification regime. Currently, the proof of a violation of the CBA requires significant material components. In order to prove the use of biological weapons in a combat zone, it is necessary to create a proof base, which requires significant material investments to establish laboratories that serve military hospitals. In cases of suspected use of chemical weapons, the focus should be on identifying chemical agents in the human body. The task is further complicated by the combined effects of chemical trauma and blast (mine-blast) injuries. The severity of the condition in these cases will be determined by the multifactorial nature of the injuries. The implementation of detoxification should be justified and supported by sufficient research. It is well known that the crime of Ecocide is classified as follows: chemical trauma + explosive (mine-explosive), at a minimum. The severity of the condition in these cases will be determined by multifactoriality. The implementation of detoxification should be justified and confirmed by sufficient research. It is well known that the crime of “Ecocide” is among the illegal acts with a material and formal composition. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), or the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), is a treaty that prohibits the use of biological and toxic weapons and restricts their development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use. The unique feature of criminal cases in this category is that harmful consequences can occur outside the place where the criminal act was committed. Currently, there are a sufficient number of articles in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus that are not actually applied in practice, or are applied only rarely, as they do not contain a clear formulation of the objective side of the relevant crimes, which leads to difficulties in qualifying the crime. The formulation of the crime of ecocide, unlike the formulations found in international law, is broader and less specific. However, the article does not specify the specific actions, methods, and means that can cause damage to the environment. Sometimes researchers incorrectly identify two concepts that are not equivalent: ecocide and biocide.
Conclusions. Based on the above, taking into account today’s realities, and given that the immediate object of the crime in question is the security of humanity, and the additional object is human life and health, it is proposed that in the future, when qualifying, the elements of the crime in question should be examined in detail in law enforcement practice.
The medical component of ecocide is one of the most important, as it includes not only the direct rescue of the victims’ lives, but also a very complex system of proving the fact of harm to human health, which is related to the violation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. This is not only a significant financial investment for conducting complex diagnostics, but also an equally costly expense for treatment (detoxification). Neither the legislation nor the judicial practice contains a definition of “environmental disaster”. We consider it necessary to develop this definition through a systematic analysis of the norms of environmental legislation.
There are also many questions regarding the evaluative category of the term “massive destruction”. The wording of the article does not make it clear how much of the plant or animal life must be destroyed for the actions of individuals to be considered mass-scale.
In order to clearly and consistently define the subject area through legal analysis of the composition of Ecocide in the Republic of Belarus, we consider it appropriate to detail the practice of qualifying the crime under investigation, as well as to develop a definition of the crime of “biocide”.
The evidence base requires serious improvement during the investigation of Ecocide. The issue of establishing laboratories to determine the presence of toxic substances in the human body is particularly urgent, not only because with the process of proving, but also in connection with the need to provide first medical aid to individuals with combined injuries.

The authors examined individuals with skeleton muscle injuries based on their own research using ultrasound medical equipment. The cases of injury with previously known circumstances of injury (mainly from words) were studied. In this case, individuals had both visually visible external injuries and injuries that were not reflected on the skin of a person, but at the same time there were complaints of painful (discomforting) changes in the suspected areas of injury. Research work on the use of ultrasound examination (hereinafter referred to as ultrasound) will subsequently form the basis for methodological materials and regulatory documents that can be used by medical forensic experts when conducting examinations, and by medical workers when examining patients.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in the blood and coagulation and biochemical parameters in women with COVID-19 at different times of pregnancy and depending on the clinical course of COVID-19.
Materials and methods. The study included 60 pregnant women with COVID-19: 14 women in the first trimester, 17 in the second trimester and 29 in the third trimester. The comparison group consisted of 20 pregnant women without clinical and laboratory signs of acute respiratory viral infections. The concentration of IL-15 in the blood serum was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, USA) was used for statistical data processing. The statistically significant error level was considered to be p < 0.05.
Results. The main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant women are catarrhal respiratory syndrome (93.3 ± 3.23 % of cases), intoxication syndrome (86.7 ± 4.38 % of cases) and neurological manifestations (66.7 ± 6.08 % of cases). Pregnant women with COVID-19 had higher blood levels of IL-15 (p = 0.003). COVID-19 is characterized by a decrease in the level of IL-15 in the blood in the third trimester of gestation compared to the first and second trimesters (p = 0.001; p = 0.013). IL-15 in the blood of SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women had a direct correlation with prothrombin time (p = 0.017), thrombin time (p = 0.027) and international normalized ratio (p = 0.039), and an inverse correlation with the level of lymphocytes in the blood (p = 0.009), fibrinogen (p = 0.005), serum iron (p = 0.012) and direct bilirubin (p = 0.008 in mild COVID-19). Factors associated with IL-15 in the blood of pregnant women with COVID-19 are impaired sense of smell and taste (p = 0.043), cough (p = 0.014) and vomiting (p = 0.005).
Conclusion. The relationship of IL-15 concentration in the blood with coagulation and biochemical parameters in women with COVID-19 at different stages of pregnancy and depending on the clinical course of COVID-19 was evaluated.

Aim. To evaluate the effect of cell therapy on outcomes of the fulminant form of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats.
Material and methods. Fulminant acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced by the introduction of a 0.3 ml of 10 % solution of non-ionic polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether detergent into the caudal part of the rat pancreas. To comparatively evaluate the effect of cell therapy on the outcomes of the fulminant form of acute necrotizing pancreatitis, 0.9 % NaCl, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived microvesicles (MSC MVs) were intravenously injected into experimental animals 6 hours after the onset of disease modeling. The survival function in the groups was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Organs and tissues was performed from all surviving and dead animals. Histologic changes in pancreatic tissues and target organs were studied by staining preparations with hematoxylin and eosin.
Results. The animals of the control group developed a fulminant form of the disease, in which against the background of subtotal necrosis of the pancreas there was a systemic microcirculatory disorder with the formation of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, signs of multiple organ damage and 100 % mortality without treatment. The mortality in the group where intravenous saline was used for treatment was 83.3 %. Early use of MSC MVs also contributed to increased survival of experimental animals, the mortality was 16.7 %. In the group where MSCs were intravenously injected for early treatment all animals survived and were removed from the experiment on the 7th day for pathomorphological examination.
Conclusion. Intravenous administration of cell therapy (MSCs and MSC MVs) 6 hours after the onset of disease modeling has a positive effect on the survival of experimental animals with fulminant acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

Introduction. Surgical treatment of perforated ulcer is an additional factor in traumatization of local tissues of the stomach, which can contribute to the development of postoperative complications.
Purpose of the study. To evaluate the indicators of prooxidant-antioxidant status in the wall of the stomach with a sutureless method of closing a perforated ulcer opening.
Materials and methods. The level of prooxidants and antioxidants in gastric tissue samples of laboratory animals was studied after seamless closure of the perforation hole in comparison with traditional suture closure.
Results and conclusion. It is shown that during seamless sealing of the gastric perforation using fibrin glue “Fibrinostat” the same processes occur as during suture sealing, however, oxidative stress is less pronounced, which may be associated with the antioxidant, gastroprotective and regenerative properties of fibrin glue.

The article provides an assessment of the satisfaction of athletes of various levels with the organization of medical support for sports training before and after the introduction of a new multi-level system of medical support for sports training in the Republic of Belarus. A statistically significant assessment of above average overall satisfaction was established both the functioning of the system as a whole and of its individual areas by all respondents, regardless of the level of sports training. 

The article presents the results of the analysis of the expert assessment of the organization of medical support for sports training conducted on the basis of the Swot-analysis before and after the introduction of the new multi-level system of medical support for sports training (MSMSТ) in the Republic of Belarus (2020–2024). The study involved 53 experts with higher medical education. An analysis of the consistency of expert opinion on the assessment of the functioning of the MSMSТ and the main areas that make up its activities was also conducted. An analysis of the organization of medical support for sports training before and after the implementation of the MSMSТ showed a statistically significant increase in the positive opinion of the expert assessment from the implementation of the MSMSТ both in general (Mann-Whitney U Test: z = –8.47, p = 0.00001) and by its individual criteria. Expert opinion showed that the implementation of the MSMSТ in the country ensured an increase in the quality and efficiency of the service, which was due to the development and implementation of regulatory legal acts regulating various areas of activity, improvement of medical activities, provision of information technologies, organization of mandatory testing of various parameters of athlete activity based on scientific developments, improvement of organizational and methodological support, as well as a newly created area – organization of educational activities.

Introduction. Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with high-risk human papillomavirus represent a significant concern in gynecological practice. Investigating the risk factors for this pathology is essential for improving methods of prevention and early diagnosis.
Objective: to assess the clinical and anamnestic characteristics of patients with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and to identify the risk factors for this pathology in women of early reproductive age.
Materials and Methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted from 2020 to 2025 at the clinical base of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with Advanced Training and Retraining at the Belarusian State Medical University, in cooperation with the 1st City Clinical Hospital in Minsk. The study included 186 women aged 18–35 years with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial lesions. The participants were divided into two groups: group 1 – 102 women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), group 2 – 84 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). A comprehensive analysis of anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory data was carried out.
Results. It was established that early onset of sexual activity, smoking, frequent change of sexual partners, a history of induced abortions, and the use of coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method are significant risk factors (p < 0,001) for the development of highgrade cervical intraepithelial lesions. Statistically significant associations were also found with a family history of cervical cancer (p = 0,015), as well as comorbidities of the digestive and respiratory systems (p < 0,001). Particular attention is warranted by the identified association of HSIL with HPV type 16 (p < 0,001), chlamydial infection (p = 0,042), and recurrent vaginitis (p < 0,001).

Secondary dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory reaction in the vascular wall that develop in subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) are among the factors that accelerate vascular aging. It is known that vascular aging is associated with a decrease in elastin content and an increase in collagen in the vascular wall, which leads to arterial wall rigidity, a decrease in the damping function of arteries, mainly the aorta, and, ultimately, to impaired organ and tissue perfusion. At the same time, the pulse wave velocity increases, which is used in the clinic as a parameter for determining vascular wall rigidity.
The purpose of the study: to assess vascular age and the capabilities of volumetric sphygmography (OS) in diagnosing early vascular aging in working-age patients with SH.
Materials and methods. The analysis included clinical and instrumental data of 70 patients who considered themselves healthy and had thyroid pathology diagnosed for the first time during a medical examination: 46 with SH (10.9 % (n = 5) of men and 89.1 % (n = 41) of women) and 24 patients without thyroid dysfunction (16.7 % (n = 4) of men and 83.3 % (n = 20) of women). The formed groups were comparable by gender, age, smoking status, presence of lipid metabolism disorders and arterial hypertension. The passport age was 53.2 ± 4.01 years and 51.8 ± 5.11 years, respectively (p > 0.05). In order to determine the vascular age, a calculation approach was chosen using the ASCORE scale and visualization techniques: volumetric sphygmography (OS) and ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries. Study design: cross-sectional cohort.
Results. According to the ASCORE scale, the proportion of individuals with early vascular aging was 80.4 % (n = 37) versus 58.3 % (n = 14) (χ 2 = 3.90; p < 0.05). A direct, moderate-strength relationship was established between laboratory-confirmed vascular aging and the presence of signs of atherosclerotic (r = 0.49; p < 0.05), multivessel lesions of the carotid arteries (r = 0.43; p < 0.05); between early vascular aging according to the ASCORE scale and ultrasound signs of early vascular aging (r = 0.33, p < 0.05), a reduced ankle-brachial index (ABI) value on one of the legs and the presence of ultrasound signs of multivessel atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries (r = 0.337, p < 0.001), signs of ASP instability (r = 0.43; p < 0.05). At the same time, according to CAVI, there was no reliable intergroup difference, statistically significant evidence in favor of early vascular aging in patients with HS: R-CAVI was 8.0 (6.47–9.2) and 7.7 (6.5–8.3), L-CAVI – 7.6 (6.7–8.9) and 7.3 (6.2–8.3), respectively.
Conclusion. The relationships we have established between early vascular aging according to the ASCORE scale and ultrasound signs of early vascular aging, a reduced ABI value at least on one of the legs and the presence of ultrasound signs of polyvascular atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries, signs of ASP instability indicate the inadmissibility of the isolated use of the cardio-ankle index CAVI in the diagnosis of early vascular aging in comorbid patients. In the case of a tandem analysis of the main characteristics of vascular wall stiffness (CAVI and ABI) and clarification of additional indices of volumetric sphygmography, the diagnostic value of the method increases.

Purpose is to analyze the strength characteristics of the cement-screw fixation of multiunit abutments to dental implants with a planar and conical type of connection in an experiment under conditions of cyclic loads simulating functional loads in the oral cavity.
Methods. The strength characteristics of the cement-screw connection (CSC) of multiunit abutments to dental implants made of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a diameter of 3.75 mm and a length of 11.5 mm with a conical and planar type of connection were evaluated. A total of 48 dental implants were included in the experiment – 24 with a planar and 24 with a conical type of connection. In turn, every 24 implants were divided into six groups depending on the experimental conditions: three groups with a loading angle of 22.5° and a force of 100 N with a number of loading cycles of 100 000, 150 000 and 200 000; three groups at loading angle of 45° and impact force of 100 N with number of loading cycles of 100 000, 150 000 and 200 000.
Results. In comparative analysis of the strength of experimental samples under maximum load conditions (loading angle of 45° and 200,000 loading cycles) in the 2nd position of the implant, as the weakest element of the entire structure, it was revealed that with the conical type, the depth of the CSC decreases by 19 %, and the degree of screw clamping – by 73 % from the initial level to the load, while with the planar type, similar parameters decrease by 33 % and 80 %, respectively.
Conclusion. It has been established that the conical type of connection is more reliable than the planar type, its use allows you to increase the resistance to loads, since the accumulation of fatigue of orthopedic structures with a conical multi-unit connection increases in 1.2 times, with a planar multi-unit connection – in 1.5 times. compound simulating the projection of the 2nd premolar) by 24 % compared to the planar type of compound.

Stretch marks or stretch marks are common skin lesions that cause significant aesthetic concerns in women and men. To stimulate the production of dermal collagen, a long-pulse (1064 nm) Nd: YAG laser was used, the wavelength of which is known to be very close to the characteristics of vascular chromophores. 

The article describes the features of modern science, one of the central among which is the responsibility of scientists to society for the consequences of the application of scientific ideas and technical developments. The anthropogenic impact on the biosphere and civilization has become so destructive that further uncontrolled development of this trend in the near future may become irreversible and lead to catastrophic consequences. The reason is the deepening imbalance between the pace of development of science and the increase in the technical potential of society, on the one hand, and progress in the field of moral culture, on the other. The dominance of totalitarian ideology in the XXI century influenced science, the value of which began to be measured by utilitarianism. Can a scientist be considered free from moral obligations regarding the application of the results of scientific research obtained by him that can harm humanity? Two approaches to solving this problem are highlighted. The origins of the separation of science and morality are shown, due to the fact that from the XVI century science, turning purely to the study of nature, refused to analyze the spiritual world of man. Ideas about the structure of the outside world came to the forefront of scientific research and diverted the attention of scientists from the person himself, from morality and morality, including humanitarian knowledge. Gradually, the discrepancy between the level of morality and the rapid development of technical knowledge and technologies focused on increasing the comfort of life increased. The reason is the dominance of material values of utilitarian content and the weakening of moral aspiration in society, including in the scientific environment. Neglect of moral responsibility is the basis for the emergence of technological incarnations that can destroy the world. The future of humanity can only be secured through moral progress. The shift in emphasis towards the humanities, social and socio-biological sciences is an indispensable condition for the “accident-free development” of mankind.
Conclusion – the risks of humanity’s self-destruction must be taken under universal harsh responsibility, otherwise humanity will face an imminent catastrophe.

Drafting the Informed Consent Form raises many questions among young researchers. Which types of biomedical research require to obtain informed consent, as well as how to draft the Informed Consent Form correctly are discussed in this article. The key elements of the Informed Consent Form are described, which allow to provide a potential participant with objective information about the researh, to ensure comprehension and voluntariness of participation. 

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex, as the most common cause of Addison’s disease, can progress slowly, over several months and even years. The first clinical signs are often nonspecific, which is associated with delayed diagnosis and may result in the development of a life-threatening condition - adrenal crisis. The described clinical case is of interest because it presents a young patient who, despite exhibiting classical clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency (weakness, fatigue, dizziness, decreased blood pressure – 90/50 mm Hg, salt craving, hyperpigmentation) had hypercortisolemia with subsequent cortisol levels within the reference range. Additionally, high ACTH levels in the absence of manifestations of hypercortisolism, “borderline high” levels of serum potassium, and no abnormalities in imaging tests (MRI of the pituitary gland, CT angiography of the chest, abdominal cavity, and retroperitoneal space) increased clinical suspicion of the presence of primary adrenal insufficiency. Upon initiating glucocorticoid replacement therapy, a positive clinical response was obtained (improvement of general well-being, normalization of blood pressure and electrolyte levels).
This clinical case clearly demonstrates the difficulties and peculiarities of diagnosing primary adrenal insufficiency with an atypical presentation in modern clinical practice in the Republic of Belarus.

The article is devoted to the medical dynasty of the Margolins, who made a significant contribution to the development of the neurological service in the Arkhangelsk Region and the Department of Nervous Diseases at the Arkhangelsk State Medical Institute. The founder of the dynasty, A. G. Margolin, is a graduate of the Medical Faculty of the Belarusian State University, a military doctor, and a neurologist. His wife, E. Ya. Margolina, is a native of Belarus and an ophthalmologist. Their children were born in Belarus, and their youngest son became a professor of neurosurgery.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Margolin family was evacuated to Arkhangelsk with Evacuation Hospitals 3433 and 1026, which were relocated from the occupied territories. In the post-war period, Associate Professor A. G. Margolin worked at the Arkhangelsk State Medical Institute, and in 1960–1967, he headed the Department of Nervous Diseases, where his son, G. A. Margolin, a neurologist and Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, later worked. The dynasty continues.