The characteristics of the indicators of the final body height of men and women in the Belarusian population in 2021–2023 and their change during 1985–2023 are given. Uneven and unequal changes in both absolute height and growth rate of men’s and women’s final height in the Belarusian population are shown. The average final height of men for the period from 1985 to 2021 increased on average by 5.8 cm (from 175.6 to 181.4 cm) with a growth rate of +3.3 %, while the average final height of women from 1985 to 2022 increased by 3.8 cm (from 164.5 to 168.3 cm), with a growth rate of +2.3 %. It was found that at present in the described population the body growth of men can continue up to 22 years, and of women – up to 20 years. In 2023, there is a trend towards deceleration of final height in the Belarusian population in both men and women, but this observation requires further clarification.

Chronic pain remains one of the topical problems of modern medicine. The most common causes of chronic chest pain in patients over 60 years of age are diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system, connective tissue diseases, oncologic diseases, secondary dorsalgias. At a young age, such pain is associated with maladaptive motor stereotype of work, concomitant psychological problems, the presence of musculoskeletal pain. Differential diagnosis is made between diseases of vertebral and non-vertebral origin, costochondral, costosternal pain syndromes, pain associated with the joints of the shoulder girdle. Chest pain is an interdisciplinary medical problem, but, nevertheless, the primary appeal of these patients is to therapists and general practitioners. Patients with chest pain need a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and selection of individual therapy.

A review of literature data on the prospects for the use of acetylcysteine in the treatment of urinary tract infections is presented. In addition to the well-known mucolytic effect, ACC has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. A number of studies have revealed the ability of ACC to suppress the development of bacterial biofilms, which is important in the treatment of chronic infections, including urinary tract infections. Studies have also demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of ACC, expressed in a decrease in the production of interleukins. Of interest is the property of ACC to suppress urease Proteus mirabilis, one of the main causative agents of nasocomial infection in urology. This property of ACC can be used in the prevention of infections associated with urinary catheters and ureteral stents incrustations.

Dermatophytes form the group of fungal pathogens of humans, which includes 43 species, of which the most important representatives are the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. In recent years, patients with the established diagnoses of “mycosis pedis”, “skin mycosis of the palms” and “onychomycosis”, and associations of dermatophytes and moulds as well as dermatophytes as an aetiological factor in mixed infections and yeast-like fungi often play a role.

The main objective of the current study was to determine the susceptibility of dermatophytosis pathogens (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp.) isolated from samples of biological from patients with mycoses to modern antifungals, antiseptics and disinfectants.

Within the framework of this study, 142 clinical isolates of dermatophytes identified as Trichophyton spp. (n = 68) and Microsporum spp. (n = 74) were obtained from patients with diagnoses of “B35.3 Mycosis of the feet”, “B35.0 Microsporia”. It was found that the most active antifungal agents against clinical isolates of dermatophytes are itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B. Among the studied clinical isolates of Trichophyton spp. in Microsporum spp. conditionally resistant strains to the studied antimycotics have been identified. Most of the studied clinical isolates of dermatophytes were high sensitive to antiseptics based on iodine, fucorcinol, undecylenic and boric acids. Disinfectants based on aldehydes, guanidine derivatives, triamines, and glycolic acid showed the greatest activity against clinical isolates of dermatophytes.

Based on our data, preference should be given to amphotericin B, itraconazole and terbinafine-based drugs when prescribing ethiotropic therapy for patients with dermatomycosis. It is advisable to use antipseptics and disinfectants for dermatomycosis, taking into account the sensitivity of micromycetes to them.

Problems related to the study of the coagulation status of patients during the neonatal period are well known to neonatologists. Hemorrhagic disorders in the period of the newborn can be caused by deficiency of vitamin K-dependent factors, intrauterine infection, hereditary coagulopathy, primary and secondary disorders of platelet hemostasis and a number of other reasons. Clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic syndrome in a newborn child are non-specific, allowing to suspect the type of blood flow, however, conducting selective hemostatic therapy is possible only after laboratory identification of the disease. Among congenital coagulopathies, hemophilia A is the most frequently encountered, while clinical manifestations of the disease occur during the neonatal period only in the case of the presence of a severe form of the disease. Meanwhile, in the practice of pediatricians and neonatologists, vascular tumors are encountered quite rarely, including Kazabach-Merritt syndrome – a potentially life-threatening condition in which hemangioendotheliomas grow rapidly and reach gigantic sizes, combined with severe thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. In this article, two clinical cases of severe hemophilia A in newborn boys with basic factor VIII activity of less than 1 % are presented, as well as a case of infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver in a newborn baby. In the article, the directions of the laboratory search for disorders of primary and secondary hemostasis were analyzed, which allowed the diagnosis to be clarified and the appropriate hemostatic therapy to be selected.

The issues of medical rehabilitation of patients after the brain disaster remain relevant in a number of socio-economic aspects. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of complex treatment and medical rehabilitation of patients with a heart attack of the brain based on the new method of training dynamic coordination. The study was attended by 62 patients with a diagnosis of cerebral infarction, randomized in the control (n = 29) and the main (n = 33) research groups. All participants in the study before the start of treatment and after its completion, clinical testing using clinical scales was carried out. To perform a new rehabilitation technique for dynamic coordination training, a robotic exoplatform was used. As a result of clinical testing, it was established that the new method increases the effectiveness of the complex therapy program regulated by the standards of medical care by 37 % (p = 0.008), due to significant effects on the state of walking and neuromuscular skeletal and associated movement functions (OR = 1.37; 95 %CI: 1.1–1.78).

Pathology of smell is an interdisciplinary problem. Olfactory disorders are polyetiological and occur in a wide variety of diseases. However, with these complaints, patients first turn to otolaryngologists. The article describes the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of olfactory disorders, identifying the following main causes and risk factors for the development of olfactory dysfunction in adult patients: diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses; acute respiratory viral diseases; head and nose injuries; consequences of surgical treatment in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, intracranial operations; diseases of the nervous system; diseases of the endocrine system and internal organs; intoxication; taking medications; smoking; alcohol and drug addiction, age over 65 years, metabolic disorders. The mechanism of disturbance of the olfactory function is determined by the level of damage to the olfactory analyzer and is conductive, sensorineural, central and mixed. Chronic diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses are the most common cause of olfactory dysfunction. Timely detection of olfactory disorders is fundamentally important for early diagnosis of the diseases that cause them. Determining the causes and risk factors of olfactory disorders is an important task, as it helps determine treatment tactics for patients.

The article discusses unique but little-known developments in the field of computer technologies for accessing the subconscious, studying (psychoprobing) and correcting (psycho-correction) certain areas of it. With the help of psychoprobing, you can get all the information about a person’s inner world, and the introduction of certain coded semantic language constructs (plots) into the subconscious can turn a person’s whole life around. In the subconscious, masked information is decoded using still unknown neuropsychological mechanisms, integrated into the corresponding semantic fields of memory, assimilated and begins to work both at the level of the subconscious and consciousness, exerting a powerful comprehensive corrective effect on the human psyche, influencing his worldview, behavior, and life processes body, the course of diseases. It was these psychotechnologies that were the basis for the birth of the relatively new science of psychoecology, the emergence of unique effective technologies for treating patients with many serious diseases, some of which were considered incurable until recently. Of considerable interest is the hardware and software complex Mind Reader (mind reader) or truth detector, which has many more advantages compared to the well-known and not always effective polygraph or lie detector. The issues of prospects for possible further development of the latest computer psychotechnologies aimed at solving the problems of restoring, preserving and promoting health, releasing hidden human functional reserves using information technologies based on encoded semantic psycho-corrective programs are raised.

Despite the fact that the first decade of the XXI century was proclaimed by the World Health Organization as the decade of bone and joint treatment, defining the prevention and treatment of limb injuries as one of the five priority problems of musculoskeletal diseases, there is still no developed generally accepted algorithm for the management of patients with nail phalanx injuries, and the opinions of specialists are often diametrically divergent.

Trauma to the distal phalanx of the fingers is one of the most common hand injuries in patients seeking emergency medical care, regardless of gender, age, or occupation. The consequences of nail phalangeal injuries worsen the aesthetic appearance of the hand, reduce the ability to work, and sometimes may even lead to a change in the patients' occupation.

When nail complex trauma is combined with a distal phalanx fracture, it is necessary not only to restore the integrity of the nail bed, but also to stabilize the bone fragments. An important point in such situations is the use of a nail plate to temporarily cover the restored nail bed. Firstly, it serves as a stabilizing element for the reponated phalangeal fragments. Secondly, its use leads to a decrease in the percentage of scar formation in the nail bed.

During the study, in 39 (37 patients, 80.4 %) cases we found an excellent, in 7 (3 patients, 6.5 %) – good and in 8 (6 patients, 13.1 %) – satisfactory result of treatment.

As a result of our study, we have proved that temporary covering of the nail bed with a utilized nail plate or artificial nail plate graft: a) reduces pain during the subsequent stage dressings at the outpatient stage; b) promotes normal growth of a new nail plate; c) accelerates the healing process, as traumatization of the nail bed is minimized; d) the nail plate acts as a natural splint, due to which, in most cases, no additional external fixation is required

The characteristics of the indicators of the final body height of young men and women in 2021–2023, as well as their parents, in the Belarusian population are presented. This allowed us to quantitatively characterize the processes of acceleration in the Belarussian population at the present stage. During one generation, the maximum total body size of men in Belarus increased on average by 2.7 cm (from 178.7 to 181.4 cm, growth rate +1.51 %), and of women by 1.4 cm (from 165.7 to 167.1 cm, growth rate +0.84 %). At the same time, there is a complex non-linear relationship between the value of the final height of young women, and young men, and the maximum height indices of their parents. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that this relationship is a slightly stronger between the final height of men and their mothers, while for women it is stronger with the height of their fathers. In general, the value of the rank correlation coefficient in all groups was 0.411–0.469. In spite of the revealed differences in the nature of these relationships, the probability of formation of a child’s height below the average in the population at the height of a parent of the same sex below the average level was practically the same and amounted to 3.67 for men and 3.68 for women.

We examined 66 postpartum women (average age 27.6 ± 2.3 years) who were on duty at the postpartum department of the 3rd City Clinical Hospital named after E.V. Klumova, Minsk for 2022–2024. The first inclusion included 34 patients whose birth ended with an emergency cesarean section. The comparison group included 32 patients with cesarean section caused by reasons not related to the weakness of labor. An immunohistochemical study of the expression levels of oxytocin (OT) and prostaglandin E2 (PG E2) in myometrial tissues obtained from the lower segment of the uterus during cesarean section was carried out using antibodies Oxytocin, Prostaglandin. Studies of potassium content in tissues were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that in patients with impaired contractile function and hypotonic dysfunction of the uterus, a strong inverse relationship was revealed between the tone of the uterus and the size of the uterine cavity (correlation coefficient r = –0.9751; p < 0.001; 95 % confidence interval) and a strong direct relationship between the tone of the uterus and index of resistance of the uterine vessels (correlation coefficient r = 0.93712; p = 0.001; 95 % confidence interval), which reflects a close association between a decrease in myometrial contractility and its tone. During postpartum uterine subinvolution, compared with physiological birth, an unreliable increase in the expression of oxytocin and prostaglandin E2, respectively, to 8.94 ± 2.8 and 21.47 ± 3.2 and an unreliable decrease in the level of potassium in tissues was revealed, which dictates the search for other pathognomonic and diagnostic markers violations of the contractile function of the uterus and its hypotension during childbirth.

The article presents the results of a study of the cytotoxic effect of composite materials used to fix braces: Transbond color change adhesive (3M), Heliosit orthodontic (Ivoclar Vivadent), as well as Single bond universal adhesive (3M), on HaCaT keratinocyte cell culture.

The authors revealed significant cytotoxicity of Single Bond Universal (3M) and Transbond plus Color Change adhesive and moderate cytotoxicity of Heliosit Orthodontic on HaCaT keratinocyte cell culture.

According to the results obtained, the authors emphasize the need to provide a number of measures to minimize the negative impact of composites on both the patient and the orthodontist.

Obesity is a pathological condition, which play significant role in case with development and progression of atrial fibrillation (AF). The article presents the data of a prospective study on assessing the frequency of occurrence of overweight and obesity in patients with atrial fibrillation. This pathological condition revealed in 78.6 % of patients. The authors note the statistically more frequent occurrence of a disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism in obese patients and AF when compared with patients with a normal body mass index, describe the results of a comparative analysis of laboratory and instrumental data in patients with isolated forms of fibrillation and atrial flutter, as well as with their combination. Modern approaches to the management of patients are presented, according to national clinical recommendations for the treatment of obesity and a review of literary data, were given non-surgical methods to reduce weight and indications and forms of surgical interventions. The authors of the article emphasize the need for further development of rehabilitation programs with testing the effectiveness, safety of physical exercises with the possibility of teaching patients, and timely treatment of related obesity, according to modern approved treatment programs.

The use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the complex intensive care of acute severe pancreatitis (ASP) for extrarenal indications is important for the protection of target organs, but at the moment there are no unified approaches to its implementation.

Objectives: to study the effect of complex intensive therapy with early inclusion of RRT on respiratory status indicators in patients with ASP.

Methods. Respiratory status indicators were analyzed in 72 patients with ASP, divided into 2 groups depending on the fact of early RRT (from the second day of hospitalization).

Results. Conducting complex intensive therapy with the inclusion of early RRT in patients with ASP normalized the parameters of the gas composition of arterial blood, manifested by an increase in the respiratory index, pO₂, a decrease in lactate levels, and an increase in respiratory compliance. Moreover, extrarenal indications for inclusion in complex intensive therapy of early RRT in patients with ASP include the following: low respiratory index (≤ 177 mmHg), respiratory compliance (≤ 33 ml/cm H₂O), pO₂ (≤ 85 mmHg) and hyperlactatemia (≥ 2.5 mmol/l).

Conclusion. The first experience of complex intensive care with the inclusion of early (from the second day of hospitalization) RRT showed its positive effect on respiratory status in patients with ASP with a decrease in mortality from 52 % to 35 %.

Abdominoscrotal hydrocele (hydrocele en-bisac, dumbbell-shaped hydrocele) is a type of noncommunicating hydrocele consisting of scrotal and abdominal components connected by an isthmus in the inguinal canal. Until now, this disease has been a casuistry because since 1777 only 579 cases have been recorded in the world. In the surgical children's department of the Minsk Regional Children's Hospital during the period from October 2022 to October 2023 this diagnosis was made intraoperatively to 5 children. The paper presents the experience of using laparoscopic hydrocelectomy of the abdominal component through a single-trocar in combination with laparoscopic extraperitoneal ligature herniorrhaphy. The operation technique and the results of the treatment are described in the article. According to the authors, the given surgical technique has good prospects for wide practical application.

Purpose: to evaluate the diagnostic value of pro-inflammatory markers in extremely immature premature newborns with infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Materials and methods of the study: data from 49 newborns with extremely low and very low body weight (ELBW and VLBW) treated in the intensive care unit were retrospectively studied. Gestational age was 27 (26–28) weeks, birth weight was 950 (795–1185) grams. The levels of pro-inflammatory markers (c-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) were assessed over the course of the neonatal period. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc, Statistica 10.0.

Study results: A significant difference was established in the levels of IL-6 (p < 0.001), CRP (p = 0.014), PCT (p = 0.030) on the 1st day of life in very premature newborns with infectious and inflammatory diseases compared to patients with respiratory distress syndrome. On days 3–10, the levels of CRP (p < 0.001) and PCT (p < 0.001) differed significantly. On 1st day, the level of IL-6 had the greatest diagnostic significance (AUC 0.949, sensitivity – 77.1 %, specificity – 98.9 %), on days 3–10 – the content of CRP and PCT. Conclusion: The study of pro-inflammatory indicators (CRP, PCT, IL-6) demonstrated the significance of these biomarkers in predicting and early detection of infectious and inflammatory diseases in extremely immature premature patients.

The article presents the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of acute intestinal infections among military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus for the period 2008–2023. In total, 55 outbreaks were registered during the specified period with a total of 1.768 cases. The proportion of outbreaks of acute intestinal infections among military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus with an established pathogen was 34.5 %, among them the main etiological agent was norovirus. Outbreak incidence was characterized by autumn-spring seasonality. In 45.45 % of cases of outbreaks of acute intestinal infections, main cause was a violation of cooking technology and unsatis-factory sanitary condition of canteens located on the territories of military units.

The study purpose was the evaluation of fibula injuries in malleolar fractures and distal tibia fractures (segments 44 and 43 according to AO/OTA fracture classification), to reveal the most typical types of injuries and morphological fracture parameters, which could be important for the development of the intramedullary fixator of the fibula. Radiological data of 57 patients with malleolar fractures and 54 patients with distal tibia fractures were evaluated. In ankle injuries the vast majority of fibula fractures (84.2 %) were presented by transsyndesmotic injuries (type B according to AO/OTA), majority of fibula fractures (89 %) were simple, without signs of comminution, the fracture plane passed at an angle of 33.1^о ± 10.7^о to the axis of the fibula, the center of fracture was located at the level of 21.6 ± 8.8 mm from ankle articular surface. In distal tibia fractures fibula injuries were more variable: in 20 % of cases there were no fibula fracture at all, 6 % involved the proximal part, 27 % – shaft and 47 % distal part of the fibula. Comminuted fractures were seen in 32 % of cases, the center of the fracture was located from 10 mm distal to the tibia articular surface to 317 mm proximal to it (Ме 35 mm, Q1-Q3: 15–68 mm). The revealed data shows that most important for the development of the intramedullary fibular fixator are ankle injuries, which have more predictable pattern.

Introduction. Anemia in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as a rule, has a multifactorial genesis, which is based on an immune-mediated mechanism: cytokines during inflammation cause changes in iron metabolism, which leads to changes in the production of red blood cells and their precursors, reticulocytes; An increase in hepcidin content causes disturbances in iron metabolism.

The purpose of the study was to study hepcidin levels in patients with JIA and determine its prognostic value for the development of anemia.

Material and methods. A total of 65 patients with JIA who were undergoing inpatient treatment at the 2nd State Children's Clinical Hospital in Minsk were examined. All patients underwent a general blood test using a hematological analyzer “Sysmex XS-800i” (Japan) with determination of erythrocyte, reticulocyte, and platelet parameters. A biochemical blood test included determination of iron metabolism indicators. The enzyme immunoassay method was used to study the content of cytokines: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and γ-interferon (γ-IFN).

Results. All patients were divided into two groups according to the median hepcidin value. The first group, in which the values were less than 4760.0 pg/ml, included 31 patients, the second group, in which the values were more than 4760.0 pg/ml, included 34 patients. An increase in hepcidin content was accompanied by an increase in the incidence of anemia (χ² = 4.55; p = 0.03). Based on the results of the Pearson correlation analysis (r), a number of statistically significant relationships between the concentration of hepcidin and the level of IL-6 were identified (r = 0.27; p < 0.05); hemoglobin (r = –0.28; p < 0.05); hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte (r = –0.29; p < 0.05 and erythropoietin (r = 0.32; p < 0.05).

Conclusions. In children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, increased levels of hepcidin in the blood are accompanied by an increased risk of developing anemia. The earliest markers of the development of this anemia are a decrease in the hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte, a decrease in the average volume of the erythrocyte, and an increase in the synthesis of immature forms of reticulocytes. Hepcidin acts as a marker of both the activity of the inflammatory process in children with JIA and affects the distribution of iron between its storage and the functionally active pool.

Introduction. Chronic hepatitis C is a widespread condition and poses severe burden on public health. Given the high relevance of chronic hepatitis C, the search for new prognostic markers of liver fibrosis progression is an important area of research.

Aim. To evaluate the clinical significance of fucose in patients with chronic HCV infection with various stages of liver fibrosis.

Methods. The study included 77 patients with chronic HCV infection (chronic hepatitis with various stages of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis of the liver). The study evaluated parameters of complete blood count, coagulation tests, biochemical blood analysis (including fucose) according to the stages of fibrosis (or cirrhosis). The statistical analysis was performed in R 4.3.2. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results. Blood fucose in patients with severe stages of liver fibrosis (or cirrhosis) – 18.3 (14.7; 20.7) mg/dl (compared to stages F0-F2 – 7.5 (6.7; 10.3) mg/dl, p < 0.00001). The fucose concentration correlated with a number of laboratory parameters: erythrocytes (p < 0.001), hemoglobin (p < 0.01), platelets (p < 0.001), average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocyte (p < 0.01), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05), albumin (p < 0.001), LDH (p < 0.05), but not with ALT and AST levels (p > 0.05).

Conclusion. Fucose concentration in blood was significantly higher in patients with severe stages of fibrosis or liver cirrhosis. Absence of correlation between blood fucose and cytolytic syndrome allows to use it as a potential additional predictor of liver fibrosis, especially in cases where the results of liver elastography may be questioned.

We examined 70 postpartum women with postpartum subinvolution of the uterus and hypotonic contractile dysfunction of the uterus in 2022–2024. The comparison group consisted of 19 postpartum women with a physiological course of labor and the postpartum period. The content of oxytocin, nitric oxide, monoamine oxidase, potassium and calcium in blood serum was studied. In postpartum women with impaired contractile function of the uterus, the calcium content was slightly reduced (1.15 times) compared to healthy women (p = 0.0467), but the values of oxytocin and potassium did not differ significantly from the control group. In postpartum women with uterine subinvolution, an increase in monoamine oxidase was observed in comparison with the parameters of healthy women by 1.92 times (p = 0.021) and serum cholinesterase by 2.0 times compared with physiological labor (p = 0.001). Thus, the severity of clinical symptoms of uterine subinvolution and its hypotonic dysfunction is associated with the intensity of neurohumoral regulation of the uterus.

The article describes a case of bleeding that occurred on the first day of life in an infant with severe hemophilia A, analyzes the directions of clinical and laboratory search for disorders of the primary and secondary blood coagulation, which made it possible to clarify the diagnosis and select appropriate hemostatic therapy.

Hemorrhagic disorders in the neonatal period can be caused by a deficiency of vitamin K-dependent factors, intrauterine infection, hereditary coagulopathies, primary and secondary disorders of platelet hemostasis and a number of other reasons. Clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic syndrome in a newborn child are nonspecific; they allow one to suspect the type of bleeding, but not identify the cause of the bleeding. Additional studies reflecting the viscoelastic properties of the clot have made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of hemostatic therapy. To clarify the true cause of bleeding, in addition to thorombeastography, it became necessary to supplement the examination of the child with factor analysis based on classical clotting tests. In terms of diagnosing blood coagulation disorders, thromboelastography had no advantages over classical factor analysis.

A method has been proposed for assessing the functional state of the uterus of experimental pregnant animals, including simultaneous recording of signals from the electrical and mechanical activity of the uterus using a kymograph and an electromyocytograph. The method allows you to record the frequency and duration of uterine contractions and record a mechanogram, and timely visualize uterine hypotension during the administration of various doses of uterotonics.

This will allow us to establish the degree of development of myometrial hypotension under the influence of excessive doses of exogenous uterotonics. The combined research method will allow assessing the functional state of the uterus of a pregnant rat against the background of induced uterine contractions in an acute experiment.