This article is dedicated to the 105th anniversary of the Belarusian State Medical University. It describes the university’s key development areas and achievements over more than a century of its existence.

The Belarusian State University was opened in 1921, and 365 students were enrolled in its medical faculty. The first lecture was given by Professor M. B. Krol on November 1, 1921. The faculty operated in Minsk from 1921 to 1930, after which it was transformed into an independent educational institution – the Medical Institute. During this period, there were six graduations of specialists – 819 people received medical diplomas.

In 1922, 25 people were transferred to the third year from other medical educational institutions, and therefore the first graduation of the medical faculty of BSU took place in 1925 – 20 graduates received medical diplomas, having studied for five years, the first two of which were at other universities in the country. One person was issued a medical certificate in 1926, together with 175 graduates from those who entered the first year of the medical faculty in the year of BSU’s foundation. In total, between 1925 and 1930, 905 people became doctors, who contributed their knowledge and skills to practical healthcare, its organization, as well as to the scientific and educational base of higher medical education, despite the fact that they endured the years of repression, the hardships of the war years, and the difficulties of restoring the destroyed national economy throughout the Soviet Union, where fate had scattered them.

The authors present information about 52 graduates of the medical faculty who made a significant contribution to the development of higher medical education.

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the clinical syndrome in the presence of the peripheral lower extremities arteries disease which is associated with a high risk of major amputation and mortality. In recent years there has been a revision of established views on this pathology which is connected with the accumulation of new data and approaches to treatment. The purpose of this literature review was to analyze the evolution of terminological approaches, modern methods of diagnosis, classification systems and results of various strategies of surgical treatment of patients with CLTI.

The article substantiates the need to move from the outdated concept of “critical ischemia of the lower extremities” to a more modern and clinically relevant concept of CLTI which covers a wider range of patients. A detailed analysis of modern diagnostic non-invasive and invasive methods was carried out. Special attention was paid to the classification systems used in practice in patients with peripheral artery disease, primarily the WIfI scale (Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection) and the GLASS system (Global Limb Anatomic Staging System).

This work systematizes literature data on the results of various strategies of surgical treatment of patients with CLTI including open, endovascular and hybrid operations. Factors affecting the clinical outcome of revascularization are considered: the nature of the arterial lesions, the initial condition of the limb and the patient related factors. Risk factors for limb preservation and long-term patient survival are analyzed separately. The review shows many issues remain debatable despite the achieved success. Conducting further studies taking into account more detailed clinical and anatomical parameters will allow to obtain new scientific knowledge, optimize treatment algorithms and improve the provision of medical care to patients with CLTI.

Some patients require long-term oral anticoagulants. The need for and duration of discontinuation of oral anticoagulants if surgical intervention is necessary depends on the balance of bleeding and thrombotic risks and the type of anticoagulant. This article classifies surgical procedures based on the risk of perioperative bleeding. For procedures with minimal bleeding risk, discontinuing oral anticoagulants is not required. For procedures with moderate to high bleeding risk, discontinuing oral anticoagulants is necessary. The withdrawal period for direct oral anticoagulants is shorter than with warfarin. The need for bridge therapy with parenteral anticoagulants depends on the risk of thrombosis and the duration of oral anticoagulant withdrawal. Groups of patients with a very high risk of thrombosis have been identified. For those with a low to moderate risk of thrombosis and a short-term interruption of oral anticoagulants, bridging therapy is not required. In cases of very high risk of thrombosis and/or prolonged period of withdrawal of oral anticoagulants, bridge therapy is recommended during the period of interruption of oral anticoagulant use.

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the number of patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who require renal replacement therapy (RRT). It is essential to provide the patient with reliable and long-term functioning vascular access to deliver RRT by means of maintenance hemodialysis (HD). The “gold standard” for vascular access in HD is the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Its creation ensures adequate blood flow, a lower incidence of infectious complications, and improved patient survival compared with other options, such as central venous catheters and vascular grafts. The preservation of AVF function directly determines the effectiveness of dialysis therapy and patient survival.

Objective. To present and summarize current understanding of the pathogenesis, risk factors, and preventive strategies for AVF thrombosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Materials and Methods. A literature review was conducted covering the years 2010–2025 using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The analysis included original studies, meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, and expert consensus documents addressing AVF dysfunction.

Results. AVF thrombosis remains a leading cause of vascular access failure, driven by multiple mechanisms including intimal hyperplasia, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and surgical factors. Key demographic, anatomical, and laboratory predictors of complications were identified. The prognostic value of preoperative ultrasound vessel mapping and comprehensive patient assessment was demonstrated. Pharmacological prevention remains controversial. Promising approaches include the use of prostaglandin E1 and prostacyclin analogs, along with individualized risk stratification strategies.

Conclusion. Effective prevention of AVF thrombosis requires a multidisciplinary approach encompassing preoperative planning, risk factor control, and further clinical research into novel therapeutic options.

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted the work of prehospital care in providing care to patients with infectious diseases. At the same time, the work of physicians in infectious disease offices in the post-COVID period (relative epidemic well-being) remains poorly studied.

Objective. To compare the appointment structure and workload of infectious disease specialists’ infectious disease specialists in the preand post-COVID periods (2016, 2023–2025) using Grodno outpatient clinics as an example.

Methods. An analysis of reporting forms from eight Grodno outpatient clinics was conducted. Physician workload, visit structure, infectious morbidity, dispensary monitoring characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson χ 2 test. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results. The total number of patients admitted to the infectious disease specialists remained at the 2016 level (approximately 32,600 per year), but the structure has changed dramatically: the share of acute pathologies increased from 15.8 % (2016) to 51.5 % (2025), and the share of consultations decreased from 50.9 % to 17.6 % (p < 0.01). The «flow acuity» coefficient (the ratio of the sum of acute and consultative appointments to dispensary ones) increased from 2.00 to 2.23. Infectious morbidity (excluding COVID-19) for 12 months of 2025 was 298.4 per 100 000 population, exceeding the 2024 figure by 25.6 % (p < 0.05). A decrease in the number of patients with chronic viral hepatitis was recorded (from 3,691 in 2017 o 2,061 in 2025), while the number of patients with HIV infection increased (from 110 to 262, with antiretroviral therapy coverage reaching 100 %).

Conclusion. In the post-pandemic period, infectious disease specialists experienced a shift in the structure of patient admissions from “consultative and dispensary” to primary «acute infectious» cases. This is currently justified from a clinical and epidemiological perspective and should be maintained. The optimal solution is to organize the reception of patients with acute infectious pathology (“febrile”) at the infectious disease cabinets base in 2 shifts of work of city (district) polyclinics by an infectious disease specialist and a general practitioner (alternate).

Background. Remdesivir is used for antiviral treatment in patients with COVID-19. In this population, early quantitative assessment of mortality risk remains a clinical priority.

Aim of the study is to develop and validate prognostic model for predicting risk of lethal outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir.

Methods. The study included patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and treatment with remdesivir (N = 1428). The observations were divided into training, internal validation and external validation sets. Following selection using LASSO regression, predictors were included in multivariable logistic regression model. Optimal classification thresholds were determined with Youden’s metric on internal validation set. Model performance was assessed in the external validation cohort (n = 487) using the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity. Clinical utility of the model was assessed using decision curves analysis. Statistical analysis was performed in R version 4.4.1 with libraries tidyr, dplyr, comorbidity, glmnet, caret, boot, calibrationCurves, pROC, rms, dcurves.

Results. LASSO regression selected C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer as most stable predictors. According to the multivariable logistic regression model, C-reactive protein (per 10 mg/L), OR 1.098, p < 0.001; lactate dehydrogenase (per 50 U/L), OR = 1.276, p < 0.001; and D-dimers > 400 ng/mL, OR = 5.829, p < 0.001, were independently associated with lethal outcome. Optimal classification threshold on internal validation set was 4.9 %. On external validation cohort, the model achieved AUC of 89.5 %, with sensitivity of 93.8 % and specificity of 72.9 %. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the model provides a clinical net benefit across all threshold probabilities compared to alternative management strategies.

Conclusion. We developed and validated prognostic model for predicting lethal outcomes in COVID-19 patients receiving remdesivir treatment. The model is presented as a nomogram for convenient clinical application.

Recurrence of polyps in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps after surgical treatment remains a multifactorial issue, influenced by the endotype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, patient comorbidities, surgical techniques, and regional treatment paradigms. The recurrence rate after surgical treatment remains high, which increases the risk of requiring repeated surgical intervention. This article presents the results of a study evaluating the effectiveness of a biomedical cell product based on olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells in extending the relapse-free period (absence of need for surgery) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. The study included 50 patients divided into three groups: two main groups receiving cell therapy at different times relative to surgical treatment, and a control group receiving only standard treatment. Analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression to assess the time to repeated surgical intervention over a 3-year follow-up period. The results demonstrated a statistically significant extension of the relapse-free period in the combined main group compared to the control (p = 0.023). The probability of a first repeated surgery in the main group was 5.3 times lower than in the control group. The probability of a second repeated surgery in the main group was 1.1 times lower than in the control group. Modeling showed that relapse risk in the control group began to increase within one year post-surgery, whereas it remained stably low in the main group throughout the entire follow-up period.

Inguinal hernia and communicating hydrocele surgery in children are among the most frequently performed elective surgical procedures. The goal of all developed surgical techniques for this condition is to separate the abdominal cavity from the persistent processus vaginalis (PVP) by ligating or suture the peritoneal layer at the cervix. However, there are virtually no studies examining the comparative surgical anatomy of the inguinal canal structures in children under normal conditions and with these conditions, or their role in the development of recurrence. This study examined typical changes in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal associated with inguinal hernia and communicating hydrocele in children of different age groups. Based on these findings, a universal surgical treatment method aimed at restoring the normal anatomy of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal was proposed for both inguinal hernia and communicating hydrocele.

Continuity between first aid (FA) and emergency medical services (EMS) is a critical determinant of survival in life-threatening conditions. A persistent disparity between the population’s theoretical training and their actual readiness to carry out first aid remains a significant challenge in prehospital conditions.

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of a synchronized “training – dispatcher assistance – legal protection” model in ensuring the continuity of FA and EMS at the prehospital stage.

Materials and Methods. The study (2023–2025) is based on a systems analysis of the normative and legal documents of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, alongside an assessment of the Belgorod Regional Emergency Medical Station’s operational data. A survey (n = 2004) and statistical analysis of EMS performance indicators were conducted.

Results. A statistically significant divergence between respondents’ subjective confidence in their knowledge (93.5 %) and their actual readiness to provide FA (16.4 %) was revealed. It was demonstrated that the implementation of a model integrating mass training (over 42,000 individuals), structured dispatcher-assisted first aid (with coverage increasing from 39 % to 96 % over 15 months), and legal regulation of bystanders՚ actions ensured the initiation of life-saving measures in 90.2 % of cases. The frequency of unmotivated refusals to provide FA decreased by a factor of 15.3.

Conclusion. Methodological and communicative synchronization within the “training – dispatcher assistance – legal protection” system is a prerequisite for ensuring continuity of care. The proposed model aligns with the 2025 international guidelines (ERC, AHA, ILCOR) and is highly applicable for integration into the national healthcare system of the Republic of Belarus.

This study aims to determine the dynamics of complete blood count (CBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with COPD varying degrees of obstructive pulmonary changes during an exacerbation, treatment, and in stable period.

61 patients with COPD and 27 individuals without signs of pathology were examined. Patients were examined before the start of inpatient treatment and after 14 and 90 days. Cell count and ESR were determined in venous blood samples, and CRP levels were measured in serum. The results were analyzed using nonparametric descriptive statistics.

Regardless of the severity of obstructive pulmonary changes, signs of systemic inflammation were present in the blood of patients with COPD before treatment. This was manifested by an increase in leukocyte count, the concentration and relative number of neutrophils, and, in cases of severe obstruction, an increase in lymphocytes and monocytes, ESR, and CRP compared to control values. After 14 days, contrary to the expected decrease during therapy, these indicators continued to increase or remained high. After 90 days, levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and CRP had significantly decreased compared to the peak after 14 days, approaching baseline values (before treatment), but still exceeded normal.

These observed changes are characteristic of chronic, poorly controlled systemic inflammation, which is a key factor determining disease progression and the risk of adverse outcomes.

In this study, a comparative analysis of hemodynamic parameters and features of reverse structural and functional remodeling of the heart chambers in the late period after the use of the most commonly used surgical pericardial aortic valve bioprostheses in the Republic of Belarus was carried out Trifecta (Abbott, Abbott Park, Illinois), Carpentier-Edwards Perimount Aortic Heart Valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California, USA) and its modifications.

The aim of the study: to compare the hemodynamic parameters and dynamics of reverse structural and functional remodeling of the heart in the long-term period in patients with aortic stenosis and surgical replacement of the aortic valve with pericardial biological prostheses Trifecta, Carpentier-Edwards Perimount and its modifications.

Materials and Methods. A comparative, non-randomized, longitudinal study was conducted, including 41 individuals with severe aortic stenosis who underwent isolated surgical valve replacement. Patients were divided into two groups: a group using the Carpentier-Edwards implantable biological prosthesis [n = 25] (comparison group 1) and Trifecta [n = 16] (comparison group 2).

Results. According to echocardiography results, hemodynamic parameters characterizing the functioning of various models of biological prostheses in the late postoperative period did not show statistically significant differences between the study groups. Data analysis indicates that the obtained hemodynamic characteristics of biological prostheses lead to a reverse structural and functional remodeling of the heart in comparison group 1 in the form of a statistically significant decrease LVMM, LVMM/body area index, LVMM/height index, IVS thickness, LVHC, MAPSE increase, systolic velocity Sʹ_{lat мv}, Sʹ_{sept мv}, PLA_syst reduction.

In comparison group 2, there was a statistically significant decrease in LVMM, LVMM/body area index, LVHC, MAPSE increase, systolic velocity Sʹ_{lat мv}, PLA_syst reduction.

However, when comparatively assessing the dynamics of reverse structural and functional remodeling of the heart between comparison groups, no statistically significant differences in the analyzed parameters were obtained.

Conclusion. After correction of aortic stenosis with the CE Perimount and Trifecta suture bioprostheses, reverse structural and functional cardiac remodeling occurs in the long-term period, with no statistically significant differences between the comparison groups of respondents with different models of bioprostheses.

Arterial and venous thrombotic events are a common complication of COVID infection, often complicating the course and prognosis of the primary disease. This study presents laboratory criteria for stratifying the high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with COVID-19, which can be used for early prediction of DVT in order to prescribe or timely adjust anticoagulant therapy.

The aim of the study was to develop prognostic laboratory criteria for the degree of risk of COVID-associated thrombosis.

Material and methods. We determined the dynamics of biomarker levels of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and antiphospholipid antibodies in three groups of patients: COVID-19positive (COV), with COVID-associated thrombosis (COV-DVT), and with DVT without SARS-CoV2 infection (DVT). Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed from 143 patients: 13 patients with COV-DVT, 85 patients with COV, and 36 patients with DVT. The levels of markers of endothelial dysfunction, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) were analyzed using enzyme immunoassay, antibodies to phospholipids – lupus anticoagulant (SSB) and mannose-binding protein (MBL). The levels of antibodies to phospholipids (to β2-glycoprotein I IgM/IgG, to cardiolipin IgM/IgG) was determined. A comparative analysis of the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1-beta [IL-1β], interleukin 6 [IL-6], interleukin 10 [IL-10]) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) was performed.

Results. In the patient groups studied, it was found that at the onset of the disease, COVID-positive patients had significantly higher levels of SSB, VWF, MBL, TNF-α, and IL-10 compared to patients with DVT. When comparing these same indicators in the COV group with patients with COV-DVT, only the levels of VWF and MBL were significantly higher. Analysis of phospholipid antibody levels showed that COVID-positive patients had significantly higher levels of antibodies to β2-glycoprotein I IgM and cardiolipin IgG at admission compared to patients with DVT, and when comparing the indicators in the group of COVID-positive patients with patients with COV-DVT, a significant difference was found only in the level of antibodies to cardiolipin IgG.

Conclusion. For stratifying the risk of DVT in patients with COVID-19 infection, interleukin-6, the marker of endothelial dysfunction VWF, and IgG antibodies to cardiolipin are of highest prognostic significance.

The aim is to conduct a comparative analysis of the severity of psychopathological syndromes using the psychometric “The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in individuals with compulsive overeating, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa to study the nosological specificity of various forms of eating disorders.

Materials and methods. The psychopathological features of respondents from 3 groups were studied: 1 group – female individuals with obesity and compulsive overeating (43 people); 2 group – female individuals with anorexia nervosa, in whom the clinical diagnosis did not change during a 5-year follow-up (40 people); 3 group – female individuals with anorexia nervosa, in whom the clinical diagnosis was changed to anorexia nervosa (20 people).

Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using Statistica 10.0 and SPSS 22.0 software packages.

Results. The indicators of the positive scale (disorders of thinking, hostility), the indicators of the negative scale (emotional isolation, impaired spontaneity and fluency of speech, impaired abstract thinking), and the indicators of the scale of general psychopathological syndromes (guilt, tension, and unusual content of thoughts) are statistically significantly determined in respondents of group 3.

Conclusion. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the parameters of the pathopsychological profile were established in patients with different forms of eating disorders. Moreover, significantly greater disturbances were identified in respondents with anorexia nervosa, in 5-year follow-up, in whom the clinical diagnosis was changed to anorexia nervosa.

Parkinson's disease is a common, chronic, progressive disease that leads to severe movement disorders, social limitations, and a reduced quality of life. Currently, in the Republic of Belarus, the reproductive age of women is expanding, and according to the latest data, its upper limit is considered to be 49 years. There is also a trend toward an increasing average age of women giving birth. This article provides an up-to-date overview of pregnancy management in patients with Parkinson's disease. Only through interdisciplinary collaboration between obstetricians/ gynecologists and neurologists we can provide high-quality medical care to our patients.

The publication of research findings represents an essential component of the development of medical science and serves as a key mechanism of professional scientific communication. Scientific articles ensure the dissemination of new knowledge, facilitate critical discussion of research results, and contribute to the establishment of an evidence base for clinical practice. In addition, publication activity plays a significant role in the training of scientific personnel and constitutes an important element of academic evaluation.

This article examines the principal forms of publication used for presenting the results of medical research in contemporary scientific practice. Various types of scientific publications are described, including conference materials, letters to the editor, case reports, narrative literature reviews, systematic reviews, as well as retrospective, prospective, and randomized studies. The objectives and specific characteristics of each publication format are outlined, along with their role in the system of scientific communication and their importance for the dissemination of medical knowledge.

Special attention is given to the requirements for manuscript preparation, the principles of research integrity, and adherence to international standards for reporting research results. The article highlights key international guidelines, including CONSORT for randomized trials, PRISMA for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, STROBE for observational studies, CARE for case reports, and the ICMJE recommendations governing publication ethics and authorship. It is demonstrated that the choice of publication format depends on the study design, the volume and nature of the obtained data, and the objectives of scientific communication. The approaches discussed provide a structured framework for understanding existing forms of scientific publications and may be used by researchers in planning and preparing scientific manuscripts.

The quality of the study and the reliability of the results that can be obtained during its implementation directly depend on the correctness of the choice of the study design. In this regard, a competent choice of design is a fundamental factor at the planning stage of research and the key to its success. The article presents the main clinical trial designs and the stages of their planning.

The article is dedicated to the origins of medical education in Belarus. The historical peculiarities of this period (late 18th – early 19th century) have been illuminated. The role of A. Tiesenhausen, a political and public figure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), in the decision to establish the Grodno Medical Academy is presented. The significance of the invited French physician and naturalist J. E. Gilibert in the organization of the medical academy, one of the first high-level medical schools in Eastern Europe, was emphasized. The characteristics of the educational process at the academy are presented, and the practiceoriented nature of the training is noted. The role of the academy in organizing the medical college (faculty) of Vilnius University is shown. The first professors of the medical faculty have been introduced. The reforms of the medical faculty of Vilnius University were emphasized, with consideration given to the progressive trends in Western European higher medical education. Merits in carrying out reforms of the Austrian doctor I. P. Frank were noted. It is noted that new trends in the development of medicine, which began in the mid-18th century, quickly penetrated into the North-Western region of Russia due to historical ties with Europe. At the same time, the reform of the educational system at Vilnius University provided the opportunity to train bearers of the new ideology of practical medicine. This was facilitated by the establishment of fruitful creative ties with renowned European and Russian scientists. Vilnius University became the most advanced higher education institution in Eastern Europe and the main center for training doctors for the western provinces of the Russian Empire. The progressive roles of Vilnius University in the development of higher education in the North-Western region f the Russian Empire and the reasons for its closure in 1832 are characterized. The achievements of the first medical scientists of Belarusian origin in the development of medical science and healthcare in the Belarusian region were noted.