Хроническая ишемия, угрожающая потерей конечности: современное состояние проблемы

Хроническая ишемия, угрожающая потерей конечности (ХИУПК), представляет собой клинический синдром при наличии заболевания периферических артерий нижних конечностей, который ассоциирован с высоким риском большой ампутации и летальности. В последние годы произошёл пересмотр устоявшихся взглядов на данную патологию, что связано с накоплением новых данных и подходах к лечению. Целью настоящего литературного обзора явился анализ эволюции терминологических подходов, современных методов диагностики, классификационных систем и результатов различных стратегий хирургического лечения пациентов с ХИУПК.

В работе обоснована необходимость перехода от устаревшего понятия «критическая ишемия нижних конечностей» (КИНК) к более современной и клинически значимой концепции ХИУПК, которая охватывает более широкий спектр пациентов. Проведен детальный анализ современных методов диагностики, включая неинвазивные и инвазивные ангиографические методики. Особое внимание уделено классификационным системам, применяемым в практике у пациентов с заболеваниями периферических артерий, в первую очередь шкале WIfI (Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection) и системе GLASS (Global Limb Anatomic Staging System).

В работе систематизированы данные литературы о результатах различных стратегий хирургического лечения пациентов с ХИУПК, включая открытые шунтирующие операции, эндоваскулярные вмешательства и гибридные подходы. Рассмотрены факторы, влияющие на клинический исход реваскуляризации: характер поражения артериального русла, исходное состояние конечности и общее состояние пациента. Отдельно проанализированы факторы риска сохранения конечности и долгосрочной выживаемости пациентов. В обзоре продемонстрировано, что, несмотря на достигнутые успехи, многие вопросы остаются дискутабельными. Проведение дальнейших исследований с учётом более развёрнутых клинических и анатомических параметров позволит получить новые научные знания, оптимизировать алгоритмы лечения и улучшить оказание медицинской помощи пациентам с ХИУПК.

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