PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND PREGNANCY – AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PREGNANCY CARE
https://doi.org/10.51922/1818-426X.2026.3.129
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, chronic, progressive disease that leads to severe movement disorders, social limitations, and a reduced quality of life. Currently, in the Republic of Belarus, the reproductive age of women is expanding, and according to the latest data, its upper limit is considered to be 49 years. There is also a trend toward an increasing average age of women giving birth. This article provides an up-to-date overview of pregnancy management in patients with Parkinson's disease. Only through interdisciplinary collaboration between obstetricians/ gynecologists and neurologists we can provide high-quality medical care to our patients.
About the Authors
V. A. Chyzhyk
Belarusian State Medical University
Belarus
Belarus
Minsk
S. A. Kreyer
Belarusian State Medical University
Belarus
Belarus
Minsk
References
1. Schrag, A. How does Parkinson’s disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population / A. Schrag, M. Jahanshahi, N. Quinn // Movement Disorders. – 2000. – Vol. 15, № 6. – P. 1112–1118.
2. Su, D. Projections for prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 / D. Su, Y. Cui, C. He, P. Yin, R. Bai, J. Zhu, J. S. T. Lam, J. Zhang, R. Yan, X. Zheng, J. Wu, D. Zhao, A. Wang, M. Zhou, T. Feng // BMJ. – 2025. – Vol. 388. – P. e080952. – doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-080952. – PMID: 40044233; PMCID: PMC11881235.
3. Parkinson’s Disease: hope through research // National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. – URL: https:// catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/parkinsonsdisease-hope-through-research.pdf (date of access: 19.11.2024).
4. Seier, M., Hiller A. Parkinson’s disease and pregnancy: an updated review // Parkinsonism Relat Disord. – 2017. – № 40. – Р. 11–17.
5. Zlotnikov A. G. Reproduktivnye processy i reproduktivnye ustanovki v Belarusi [Zlotnikov A. G. Reproductive processes and reproductive attitudes in Belarus] // DEMIS. Demograficheskie issledovaniya. – 2022. – Vol. 2, № 3. – S. 71–88 [In Russian].
6. Glavnoe statisticheskoe upravlenie Minska [Elektronnyj resurs]: Statisticheskij obzor, priurochennyj ko Dnyu materi [Main Statistical Office of Minsk [Electronic resource]: Statistical review dedicated to Mother's Day] // Glav. stat. upravl. Minska. – 2025. – Access of mode: https://w3.unece.org/PXWeb2015/pxweb/en/STAT/STAT30-GE02-Families_households/04_en_GEFHAge1stChild_r.px/. – Access of date: 24.03.2026 [In Russian].
7. UNICEF [Electronic resource]: Statistical data // Average age of women at the time of birth of their first child] – 2025. – Access of mode: https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.f1f0ebb469c581fe-347fd876-74722d776562/https/worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/average-age-of-having-first-child-bycountry. – Access of date: 24.03.2026 [In Russian].
8. Oosterbaan, A., Kapelle M., Bogers H., Vos L., Bloem B., Meinders M., Post B. www.PregSpark.com, introducing the International PregnancieS and Parkinson’s Registry [abstract]. Mov Disord. – 2024. – № 39 (suppl 1). – https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/www-pregspark-com-introducing-the-internationalpregnancies-and-parkinsons-registry/. – Accessed February 13, 2026.
9. Lehn, A. C. The Management of Parkinson’s Disease Before, during and after Pregnancy – an MDS Scientific Issues Committee Review / A. C. Lehn, J.-Y. Lee, G. Sciacca, S. Patterson, A. Morton, P. Pun, W. A. Kamel, M. Picillo, B. Post, E.-K. Tan, T. Capato, B. R. Bloem, M. Auffret, A. M. Oosterbaan, W. Kapelle, M. K. Bruno, L. V. Kalia, J. H. Kordower, D. Berg // Mov Disord Clin Pract. – 2026. – № 13. – Р. 44–59.
10. García-Ramos, R. Management of Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders in women of childbearing age: part 1 / R. García-Ramos, D. Santos-García, A. Alonso-Cánovas [et al.] // Neurologia. – 2020. – № 36. – Р. 149–158.
11. On approval of the clinical protocol “Medical observation and provision of medical care to women in obstetrics and gynecology” [Electronic resource]: Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, February 19, 2018, № 17] // M-vo zdravoohraneniya Resp. Belarus'. – 2018. – Access of mode: http://minzdrav.gov.by. – Access of date: 24.03.2026.
12. Shadrina, M. I. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology / M. I. Shadrina, P. A. Slominsky, S. A. Limborska // Elsevier Inc. – 1st ed. – 2010. – Vol. 281. – P. 229–66.
13. Tappahov A. A., Popova T. E., Nikolaeva T. Ya., Gur’eva P. I., Shnajder N. A., Petrova M. M., Sapronova M. R. Nevrologiya, nejropsihiatriya, psihosomatika. – 2017. – № 9(1). – S. 96–100.
14. Towns, C. Parkinson’s families project: a UK-wide study of early onset and familial Parkinson’s disease / C. Towns, Zh. Fang, M. M. X. Tan [et al.] // NPJ Parkinsons Dis. – 2024. – № 10. – Р. 188.
15. Young, C. Management of Parkinson’s disease during pregnancy: literature review and multidisciplinary input / C. Young, R. Phillips, L. Ebenezer, R. Zutt, K. J. Peall // Mov Disord Clin Pract. – 2020. – № 7. – Р. 419–430.
16. Bovenzi, R. Pregnancy, fertile life factors, and associated clinical course in PRKN early-onset Parkinson’s disease / R. Bovenzi, M. Conti, G. R. Degoli [et al.] // Neurol Sci. – 2024. – № 45. – Р. 591–599.
17. Chitayat, D. Tibial hemimelia and tetralogy of fallot associated with first trimester exposure to amantadine / D. Chitayat, A. L. Jefferies, A. Landes, I. U. Qamar, G. Koren // Reprod Toxicol. – 1994. – № 8. – Р. 89–92.
18. Olivola, S. Parkinson’s disease in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature / S. Olivola, S. Xodo, E. Olivola, F. Cecchini, A. P. Londero, L. Driul // Front Neurol. – 2020. – № 10. – Р. 1349.
19. Shulman, L. M. The effect of pregnancy in Parkinson’s disease / L. M. Shulman, A. Minagar, W. J. Weiner // Mov Disord. – 2000. – № 15. – Р. 132–135.
20. Baláž, M. Deep Brain Stimulation during Pregnancy and Delivery: Review of Current Literature / M. Baláž, J. Búřil, J. Kunst, D. Hrabovský, Š. Hajda, J. Chrastina //j Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. – 2023. – № 84(3). – Р. 275–280. – doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1753549. Epub 2022 Oct 19. PMID: 36261059.
21. Selby, W. Managing constipation in adults / W. Selby, C. Corte// Aust Prescr. – 2010. – № 33. – Р. 116–119.
22. Gill, S. K. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis / S. K. Gill, L. O’Brien, T. R. Einarson, G. Koren // Am J Gastroenterol. – 2009. – Vol. 104. – P. 1541–1545.
23. Campbell, N. Sinemet-ferrous sulphate interaction in patients with Parkinson’s disease / N. Campbell, D. Rankine, A. Goodridge, B. Hasinoff, M. Kara// Br J Clin Pharmacol. – 1990. – № 30. – P. 599–605.
24. On approval of the clinical protocol “Medical observation and provision of medical care to women in obstetrics and gynecology” [Electronic resource]: Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, February 19, 2018, No. 17 // M-vo zdravoohraneniya Resp. Belarus'. – 2018. – Access of mode: http://minzdrav.gov.by. – Access of date: 24.03.2026.
25. Weintraub, D. Parkinson’s disease: the quintessential neuropsychiatric disorder / D. Weintraub, D. J. Burn // Mov Disord. – 2011. – № 26. – Р. 1022–1031.
26. Cox, J. L. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale /j. L. Cox, J. M. Holden, R. Sagovsky // Br J Psychiatry. – 1987. – Vol. 150. – Р. 782–786.
27. Ornoy, A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy: do we have now more definite answers related to prenatal exposure? / A. Ornoy, G. Koren // Birth Defects Res. – 2017. – Vol. 109. – Р. 898–908.
28. Levinson-Castiel, R. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants / R. Levinson-Castiel, P. Merlob, N. Linder, L. Sirota, G. Klinger // Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. – 2006. – Vol. 160. – Р. 173–176.
29. Ornoy, A. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers in pregnancy: what do we know and how should we treat pregnant women with depression / A. Ornoy, L. WeinsteinFudim, Z. Ergaz // Birth Defects Res. – 2017. – Vol. 109. – Р. 933–956.
30. Srisurapanont, M. Second-generation antipsychotics for Parkinson’s disease psychosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis / M. Srisurapanont, C. Suradom, S. Suttajit, S. Kongsaengdao, B. Maneeton // Gen Hosp Psychiatry. – 2024. – Vol. 87. – Р. 124–133.
31. Chandra, M. Natural physiological changes during pregnancy / M. Chandra, A. A. Paray // Yale J Biol Med. – 2024. – Vol. 97. – Р. 85–92.
32. Rohweder, R. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse outcomes: an integrative review / R. Rohweder, T. de Oliveira Schmalfuss, D. dos Santos Borniger [et al.] // Reprod Toxicol. – 2024. – Vol. 123. – Р. 108518.
33. Bothou, C. Current management and outcome of pregnancies in women with adrenal insufficiency: experience from a multicenter survey / C. Bothou, G. Anand, D. Li [et al.] //j Clin Endocrinol Metab. – 2020. – Vol. 105. – Р. dgaa266.
34. Xu, G. Intervention strategies for Parkinson’s disease: the role of exercise and mitochondria / G. Xu, C. Ma, Y. Yang // Front Aging Neurosci. – 2025. – № 17. – Р. 1519672.
35. Ribeiro, M. M. Physical exercise in pregnancy: benefits, risks and prescription / M. M. Ribeiro, A. Andrade, I. Nunes //j Perinat Med. – 2022. – № 50. – Р. 4–17.
36. Worska, A. Contradictions and convergences in recommendations on physical activity in pregnancy in different countries after the publication of the WHO guidelines in 2020 – a scoping review / A. Worska, J. Maciaszek, J. Ciążyńska, A. Szumilewicz // Front Public Health. – 2025. – № 13. – Р. 1540355.
37. Santamaría, G. Aquatic therapy versus land-based therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review / G. Santamaría, M. Fernández-Gorgojo, E. Gutiérrez-Abejón, B. García Gómez, Á. Molina, D. Fernández-Lázaro //j Funct Morphol Kinesiol. – 2025. – № 10. – Р. 170.
38. Cancela-Carral, J. M. Therapeutic aquatic exercise in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis /j. M. CancelaCarral, B. Blanco, A. López-Rodríguez //j Clin Med. – 2022. – № 11. – Р. 501.
39. Alagöz, A. T. The effects of pilates method in pregnant women: scoping review / A. T. Alagöz, H. Gercek, B. S. Unuvar, F. Y. Findik, S. Ozgul // BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. – 2025. – № 25. – Р. 485.
40. Shaikh, S. I. Parkinson’s disease and anaesthesia / S. I. Shaikh, H. Verma // Indian J Anaesth. – 2011. – № 55. – Р. 228–234.
41. Ward, V. D. Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with Parkinson’s disease / V. D. Ward // Int J Obstet Anesth. – 2018. – № 34. – Р. 99–102.
42. Thulin, P. C. Levodopa in human breast milk: clinical implications / P. C. Thulin, W. R. Woodward, J. H. Carter, J. G. Nutt // Neurology. – 1998. – № 50. – Р. 1920–1921.
Review
For citations:
Chyzhyk V.A., Kreyer S.A. PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND PREGNANCY – AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PREGNANCY CARE. Medical Journal. 2026;(3):129-134. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.51922/1818-426X.2026.3.129
Views:
27
JATS XML
Email this article 